Temporomandibular disorder: otologic implications and its relationship to sleep bruxism / Disfunção temporomandibular: implicações otológicas e sua relação com o bruxismo do sono

Abstract Introduction: Temporomandibular disorder is an umbrella term for various clinical problems affecting the muscles of mastication, temporomandibular joint and associated structures. This disorder has a multifactor etiology, with oral parafunctional habits considered an important co-factor. Among such habits, sleep bruxism is considered a causal agent involved in the initiation and/or perpetuation of temporomandibular disorder. That condition can result in pain otologic symptoms. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between temporomandibular disorder and both otologic symptoms and bruxism. Methods: A total of 776 individuals aged 15 years or older from urban areas in the city of Recife (Brazil) registered at Family Health Units were examined. The diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder was determined using Axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for temporomandibular disorders, addressing questions concerning myofascial pain and joint problems (disk displacement, arthralgia, osteoarthritis and osteoarthrosis). Four examiners had previously undergone training and calibration exercises for the administration of the instrument. Intra-examiner and inter-examiner agreement was determined using the Kappa statistic. Individuals with a diagnosis of at least one of these conditions were classified as having temporomandibular disorder. The diagnosis of otologic symptoms and bruxism was defined using the same instrument and a clinical exam. Results: Among the individuals with temporomandibular disorder, 58.2% had at least one otologic symptom and 52% exhibited bruxism. Statistically significant associations were found between the disorder and both otologic symptoms and bruxism (p < 0.01 for both conditions; OR = 2.12 and 2.3 respectively). Otologic symptoms and bruxism maintained statistical significance in the binary logistic regression analysis, which demonstrated a 1.7 fold and twofold greater chance of such individuals have temporomandibular disorder, respectively. Conclusion: The logistic regression analysis demonstrated strong associations between the disorder and both otologic symptoms and bruxism when analyzed simultaneously, independently of patient age and gender.

Resumo Introdução: A disfunção temporomandibular é um termo que engloba vários problemas clínicos que afetam os músculos da mastigação, a articulação temporomandibular e estruturas associadas. Esse distúrbio tem uma etiologia multifatorial, com hábitos parafuncionais orais considerados um importante cofator. Entre esses hábitos, o bruxismo do sono é considerado um agente causador envolvido no desenvolvimento e/ou na perpetuação de disfunção temporomandibular. Esse problema pode resultar em sintomas otológicos dolorosos. Objetivo: Investigar a relação entre disfunção temporomandibular e os sintomas otológicos e bruxismo. Método: Foram examinados 776 indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 15 anos de áreas urbanas da cidade de Recife (Brasil) registrados nas Unidades de Saúde da Família. O diagnóstico da disfunção foi determinado utilizando o Eixo I dos Critérios de Diagnóstico de Pesquisa para Distúrbios Temporomandibulares, abordando questões relativas a dor miofascial e problemas articulares (luxação discal, artralgia, osteoartrite e osteoartrose). Quatro examinadores foram treinados para a administração do instrumento. A concordância intraexaminador e interexaminador foi determinada usando a estatística Kappa. Os indivíduos com diagnóstico de pelo menos uma dessas condições foram classificados como tendo disfunção temporomandibular. O diagnóstico de sintomas otológicos e bruxismo foi definido utilizando o mesmo instrumento de diagnóstico e exame clínico. Resultados: Entre os indivíduos com a disfunção, 58,2% apresentaram pelo menos um sintoma otológico e 52% apresentaram bruxismo. Foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significativas entre a disfunção temporomandibular e ambos os sintomas otológicos e bruxismo (p < 0,01 para ambos os problemas, OR = 2,12 e 2,3, respectivamente). Os sintomas otológicos e o bruxismo mantiveram significância estatística na análise de regressão logística binária, o que demonstrou uma probabilidade de 1,7 e 2 vezes maior chance de que esses indivíduos tenham disfunção temporomandibular, respectivamente. Conclusão: A análise de regressão logística demonstrou associações fortes entre disfunção temporomandibular e sintomas otológicos e bruxismo quando analisados simultaneamente, independentemente da idade e do sexo do paciente.

Association between symptoms of depression and oral health conditions.

AIMS: To investigate the symptoms of depression and oral health status in Brazilian public healthcare system users. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis of a cross-sectional study conducted with a sample of 776 individuals aged 15 years or older, in the urban areas of Recife (Brazil), obtained by multistage sampling. Committee on Ethics in Research with Human Beings (CAAE) 0538.0.172.172-11. Depression symptoms were verified by means of Axis II of the Research Diagnostic Criteria in Temporomandibular Disorder. For the socioeconomic level, the economic classification criteria of the Brazilian Association of Research Companies and clinical exam record charts were used to establish variables related to oral health conditions. RESULTS: The variables discomfort on occlusion (OR = 1.882 CI = 1.384-2.560), gingival bleeding (OR = 1.384 CI = 1.002-1.912), and self-perception of oral health (OR = 1.549 CI = 1.054-2.277), remained in the regression model. CONCLUSION: Discomfort on occlusion, self-perception of oral health, gingival bleeding, sex, and skin color were shown to be associated with the presence of depressive symptoms.

Temporomandibular disorder: otologic implications and its relationship to sleep bruxism.

INTRODUCTION: Temporomandibular disorder is an umbrella term for various clinical problems affecting the muscles of mastication, temporomandibular joint and associated structures. This disorder has a multifactor etiology, with oral parafunctional habits considered an important co-factor. Among such habits, sleep bruxism is considered a causal agent involved in the initiation and/or perpetuation of temporomandibular disorder. That condition can result in pain otologic symptoms. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between temporomandibular disorder and both otologic symptoms and bruxism. METHODS: A total of 776 individuals aged 15 years or older from urban areas in the city of Recife (Brazil) registered at Family Health Units were examined. The diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder was determined using Axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for temporomandibular disorders, addressing questions concerning myofascial pain and joint problems (disk displacement, arthralgia, osteoarthritis and osteoarthrosis). Four examiners had previously undergone training and calibration exercises for the administration of the instrument. Intra-examiner and inter-examiner agreement was determined using the Kappa statistic. Individuals with a diagnosis of at least one of these conditions were classified as having temporomandibular disorder. The diagnosis of otologic symptoms and bruxism was defined using the same instrument and a clinical exam. RESULTS: Among the individuals with temporomandibular disorder, 58.2% had at least one otologic symptom and 52% exhibited bruxism. Statistically significant associations were found between the disorder and both otologic symptoms and bruxism (p<0.01 for both conditions; OR=2.12 and 2.3 respectively). Otologic symptoms and bruxism maintained statistical significance in the binary logistic regression analysis, which demonstrated a 1.7 fold and twofold greater chance of such individuals have temporomandibular disorder, respectively. CONCLUSION: The logistic regression analysis demonstrated strong associations between the disorder and both otologic symptoms and bruxism when analyzed simultaneously, independently of patient age and gender.

Relações contratuais e perfil dos cirurgiões-dentistas em centros de especialidades odontológicas de baixo e alto desempenho no Brasil / Analysis of contractual relations and profile of dentists at dental specialty centers of low and high performance in Brazil

Introdução: No Brasil, a partir da década de 1990, quando foram implementadas novas modalidades contratuais flexíveis na administração pública, tem se destacado o debate sobre as relações de trabalho. Esse movimento de mudanças tem repercutido no sistema público de saúde pela tendência à instabilidade dos vínculos laborais e à desproteção social. Objetivo: Investigar o perfil profissional de cirurgiões-dentistas dos centros de especialidades odontológicas e analisar a natureza das relações de trabalho em vigor nos contratos firmados entre esses profissionais e os municípios. Metodologia:O estudo, de natureza exploratória, foi realizado a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 289 profissionais alocados em 59 centros de especialidades odontológicas das 5 macrorregiões do país, selecionados entre os 10% com melhor e pior desempenho na produção de procedimentos. Resultados:Entre os profissionais investigados, a maioria era do sexo feminino (55,0%). Quanto à qualificação profissional, 72,7% do total dos entrevistados afirmaram ter cursado ou estar cursando pós-graduação no momento da entrevista. A presença de vínculos precários e a instabilidade laboral sobressaem nas entrevistas, o que evidencia algumas distinções entre as macrorregiões do país. Conclusões:Ao ressaltar o debate sobre o conceito de trabalho precário, os autores reafirmam que essa condição se faz presente no espaço da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal implementada por estados e municípios.

Introduction: In the 1990s, flexible contractual relations were implemented in the realm of public administration in Brazil, which have led to job insecurity among health professionals working in the public sector. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the profile of dentists at Dental Specialty Centers of the Brazilian public healthcare system and to analyze the nature of work relations stipulated in contracts between dentists and municipalities. Methods: An exploratory study was carried out involving semi-structured interviews with 289 dentists at 59 Dental Specialty Centers representative of the five macro-regions of Brazil and selected among the 10% best and worst performance in the production of procedures. Results:Among the professionals surveyed, more than half were women (55.0%). As regards professional qualifications, 72.7% of total respondents said they had attended or were attending postgraduate school at the time of the interview. The most important issues raised during the interviews regarded unstable work ties and job insecurity. Moreover, differences were found among the country's macro-regions. Conclusions: The findings of the present study underscore the existence of job insecurity stemming from the Brazilian National Oral Health Policy implemented by states and municipalities.

Avaliação da qualidade dos serviços prestados pelos Centros de Especialidades Odontológicas: visão dos usuários / Evaluation of quality of the services offered at the CEOs: users' side

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade dos serviços ofertados nos Centros de Especializações Odontológicas (CEOs) em Pernambuco, Brasil, na perspectiva da satisfação dos usuários. Trata-se de um estudo analítico, quantitativo, de caráter avaliativo, segundo o modelo Donabediano referente ao resultado. As entrevistas foram realizadas por meio da agregação de formulários previamente validados. A amostra foi composta pelos usuários presentes na sala de espera de cada CEO que tivessem sido submetidos a procedimento clínico ao menos uma vez, totalizando 156 usuários. A análise dos dados foi realizada por intermédio do programa estatístico SPSS, versão 13.0, em uma etapa descritiva e outra analítica. Na análise estatística foi utilizado o teste do χ2 de Pearson. Para todas as análises foi levado em consideração o nível de significância de 5%. Constatou-se que os usuários estão satisfeitos com a qualidade dos serviços prestados nos CEOs de Pernambuco. As variáveis "autopercepção de saúde" e "tipo de serviço" apresentaram associação positiva e estatisticamente significante com uma maior satisfação dos usuários, sendo esta maior entre os indivíduos que consideraram sua saúde bucal ruim e que frequentaram o Programa Saúde da Família (PSF).

The research has the purpose of analyzing the quality of the services offered at the CEO in Pernambuco, Brazil, in the perspective of the users' satisfaction. It is about an analytical/quantitative study with evaluative measures according to Donabedian's model referring to the result. The interviews were done through the junction of forms previously validated. The exposition was composed of the users who were present in the waiting room of every CEO that had submitted to the clinical procedure at least once, making a total of 156 users. The data analysis was checked at the statistical program SPSS, 13.0 version, in a descriptive and analytical step. In the statistical analysis, Pearson's χ2 was used. A level of 5% significance was taken into consideration for all the analysis. It was testified that the users had demonstrated satisfaction with the quality of the service rendered at the CEO in Pernambuco. The ideas of "self-perception of health" and "type of service" have been considered both positively and statistically significant with a clear satisfaction from the users, especially the ones who used to go regularly to the PSF and consider the oral health service bad.

The role of occlusal factors on the occurrence of temporomandibular disorders.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between occlusal factors and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). METHODOLOGY: One hundred patients were selected among those who sought medical or dental care in public practice in Recife, Brazil. The presence of malocclusions and absence of five or more posterior teeth were evaluated by the clinical exam. TMD diagnosis was given using Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC/TMD). Statistics were carried out using Fisher and Mann-Whitney methods with 5% significance level, as well as multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The sample was mainly comprised of women (83%), individuals over 30 years old (57%) and singles (53%). The percentage of TMD and malocclusion in total sample was 42% and 50%, respectively, while in TMD subjects, malocclusion was present in 38.1%. There was no association between TMD and the occlusal factors studied. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that malocclusion and loss of five or more posterior teeth does not contribute to TMD.

Risk factors for temporomandibular disorder: Binary logistic regression analysis

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors (gender, economic class, age and marital status) on the occurrence of temporomandibular disorder. Study DESIGN: One hundred individuals from urban areas in the city of Recife (Brazil) registered at Family Health Units was examined using Axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) which addresses myofascial pain and joint problems (disc displacement, arthralgia, osteoarthritis and oeste- oarthrosis). The Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria (CCEB) was used for the collection of socioeconomic and demographic data. Then, it was categorized as Class A (high social class), Classes B/C (middle class) and Classes D/E (very poor social class). The results were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square test for proportions, Fisher's exact test, nonparametric Mann-Whitney test and Binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: None of the participants belonged to Class A, 72% belonged to Classes B/C and 28% belonged to Classes D/E. The multivariate analysis revealed that participants from Classes D/E had a 4.35-fold greater chance of exhibiting myofascial pain and 11.3-fold greater chance of exhibiting joint problems. CONCLUSIONS: Poverty is a important condition to exhibit myofascial pain and joint problems

Use of dental services in areas covered by the Family Health Strategy in Olinda, Brazil / Utilização dos serviços odontológicos em áreas adstritas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família em Olinda, Pernambuco, Brasil

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to analyze factors associated with the use of dental services in areas covered by the Family Health Strategy in the city of Olinda, northeastern Brazil. METHODS: A quantitative, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted involving individuals over 18 years of age (n=492) registered at Family Health Units. Data analysis was performed with SPSS program (version 11.0) and involved 2 test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The number of individuals who sought dentists at public services (58.6%) was greater than that who sought dentists in the private sector (37.4%). Among those who used public services in the previous 12 months, only 18.9% had access to a dentist from a Family Health Unit. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the use of services was associated with toothaches in the previous six months and living in a rented home (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results show that access to dental services was highly limited, even in areas covered by an Oral Health Team. Moreover, access was potentiated by indicators of oral health needs and socioeconomic status. .

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os fatores associados à utilização dos serviços odontológicos em áreas adstritas da Estratégia Saúde da Família, no município de Olinda, Pernambuco. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, analítico, do tipo transversal, com amostra composta por indivíduos acima de 18 anos (n=492) cadastrados na Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF). A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio do SPSS versão 11.0, envolvendo a utilização do teste do χ2 e a análise de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: O número de indivíduos que procuraram dentistas do serviço público (58,6%) foi maior do que os que procuraram dentistas do setor privado (37,4%). Daqueles que utilizaram o serviço público nos últimos 12 meses, apenas 18,9% tiveram acesso ao dentista da USF. A análise de regressão logística múltipla demonstrou que a utilização dos serviços permaneceu associada a dor de dente nos últimos 6 meses e possuir casa emprestada (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados demonstraram que o acesso aos serviços de saúde bucal foi expressivamente limitado, mesmo em áreas cobertas pela Equipe de Saúde Bucal. Esse acesso foi potencializado pela presença de indicadores de necessidades de saúde bucal e condição socioeconômica. .

Risk factors for temporomandibular disorder: binary logistic regression analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors (gender, economic class, age and marital status) on the occurrence of temporomandibular disorder. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred individuals from urban areas in the city of Recife (Brazil) registered at Family Health Units was examined using Axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) which addresses myofascial pain and joint problems (disc displacement, arthralgia, osteoarthritis and oesteoarthrosis). The Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria (CCEB) was used for the collection of socioeconomic and demographic data. Then, it was categorized as Class A (high social class), Classes B/C (middle class) and Classes D/E (very poor social class). The results were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square test for proportions, Fisher's exact test, nonparametric Mann-Whitney test and Binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: None of the participants belonged to Class A, 72% belonged to Classes B/C and 28% belonged to Classes D/E. The multivariate analysis revealed that participants from Classes D/E had a 4.35-fold greater chance of exhibiting myofascial pain and 11.3-fold greater chance of exhibiting joint problems. CONCLUSION: Poverty is a important condition to exhibit myofascial pain and joint problems.

Avaliação do cumprimento de atenção secundária em saúde bucal / Evaluating the fulfillment of secondary attention in oral health care

Objetivos: Avaliar o cumprimento da atenção secundária em saúde bucal em Pernambuco, nos CEO (Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas implantado até 31 de dezembro de 2007). Há diversas finalidades em avaliar um serviço de saúde, seja para um efetivo direcionamento de recursos, aprimoramento do sistema ou verificar a qualidade do serviço. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, quantitativo, com caráter avaliativo, utilizando características estruturais (antecipação financeira, tempo de implantação, tipo de CEO e cobertura pela ESF) e contextuais (porte populacional e IDH) dos CEO implantados em Pernambuco. Foram analisados, ainda, dados secundários da produção ambulatorial, critérios e normas instituídas para implantação dos CEO. A variável dependente utilizada foi o indicador denominado Cumprimento da Atenção Secundária em Saúde Bucal, as variáveis independentes se referiram às características dos serviços e dos municípios. Resultados: A relação entre o Cumprimento da Atenção Secundária em Saúde Bucal e as variáveis estruturais apontou que dentre os CEO Tipo I, a maioria (63,6%) não cumpriu o indicador avaliado. Serviços com tempo superior a um ano de credenciamento cumpriram o indicador (81%). Verificou-se que 90% dos CEO que não solicitaram antecipação financeira cumpriram o indicador. Dentre as características contextuais, a maioria dos municípios de grande porte (78,6%) cumpriu a atenção secundária em saúde bucal e para os municípios com cobertura acima de 50% de ESB no PSF a maioria (62.5%) não cumpriu o indicador avaliado. Conclusão: O cumprimento da atenção secundária em saúde bucal está associado a fatores estruturais e contextuais dos serviços avaliados.

Objective: To evaluate the secondary attention of the dental health services in Pernambuco, Brazil at the CEOs (public specialized dental clinics) established until December 31, 2007. There are different goals for the evaluation of a health service: orientations for an effective use of resources, improvement of the system, or service quality inspection. Methods: This study was a descriptive and quantitative research with evaluative nature, which used structural (financial anticipation, period for implantation, kind of CEO and Family Health Strategy coverage) and contextual (population behavior and HDR - Human Development Report) characteristics of the CEOs established in state of Pernambuco. Additionally were also analyzed secondary data of outpatient production, the rules and criteria set up for CEO implantation. The dependent variable was the indicator named fulfillment of the secondary attention in oral health care, and the independent variable referred to the characteristics of the service and districts. Results: The relationship between the secondary attention in oral health care and the structural variables pointed that most type 1 CEOs (63.6%) have not fulfilled the evaluated indicator. Clinics with more than 1 (one) year accreditation fulfilled the indicator (81%). It was noticed that 90% of the CEOs that had not requested the financial anticipation fulfilled the indicator. Regarding contextual characteristics, most of the large districts (78.6%) have fulfilled the secondary attention in oral health care and most (62.5%) the districts with coverage above 50% of health care team in the Family Health Strategy, did not fulfill the indicator. Conclusion: The fulfillment of the secondary attention in oral health care is associated to the structural and contextual factors of the evaluated services.